Forms of Literature
1. POETRY
● Poetry, form of literature, spoken or written, that emphasizes rhythm, other intricate patterns of sound and imagery, and the many possible ways that words can suggest meaning.
● The word itself derives from a Greek word, poesis, meaning “making” or “creating.”
● poetry in its simplest definition is organized in units called lines as well as in sentences, and often in stanzas, which are the paragraphs of poetry
● The way a line of poetry is structured can be considered a kind of garment that shapes and clothes the thought within it.
● The oldest and most longstanding genres for classifying poetry are epic, a long narrative poem centered around a national hero, and lyric, a short poem expressing intense emotion.
Elements:
Stanza
•A unit of lines grouped together
•Similar to a paragraph in prose
Couplet
A stanza consisting of two lines that rhyme
Quatrain
A stanza consisting of four lines
Mood
The feeling a poem creates for the reader
Tone
The attitude a poet takes toward his/her subject
Imagery
•Representation of the five senses: sight, taste,touch, sound, and smell
•Creates mental images about a poem’s subject
Metaphor
An implied comparison between two objects or ideas
Personification
Giving human traits or characteristics to animals or inanimate objects
Simile
A direct comparison between two objects orideas that uses the words “like” or “as”
Symbol
A word or object thathas its own meaningand represents anotherword, object or idea
Alliteration
The repetition of aninitial (beginning)sound or consonant intwo or more wordsnext to each other in aline of a poem
Assonance
The repetition of avowel sound in two ormore words in the lineof a poem
Onomatopoeia
A word that imitates anoise or action
Refrain
The repetition of one or more phrases or line sat certain intervals,usually at the end of each stanza
Repetition
A word or phrase repeated within a line or stanza
Rhyme Scheme
The pattern in which end rhyme occurs
2. FICTION
● literary works of imagination: novels and stories that describe imaginary people and events
● The latin word fingere “to make, shape,” from which fiction is derived, is also the spurce of English effigy, feign, figment and figure.
Elements:
Plot
Events that form a significant pattern of action with a beginning, a middle and an end. They move from one place or event to another in order to form a pattern. The plot is also called a narrative.
Author's Role in Plot
1. Plot grows out of the characters.
2. The author is always in control of what happens; fiction manipulates events; it is created.
3. Central focus of the story has to be intriguing
Plot Techniques
1. Suspense: Frequently involves dilemma.
2. Flashback: The author waits until the story is moving and then flashes back to reveal biographical data or deep psychological reasons why a character acts as s/he does. It focuses more on why things happen, rather than on what happens.
3. Telescoping: It's a matter of economy. The author can't describe every motion of the character or event during the time the story covers. S/he has to choose the significant and merely suggest the others by saying they happened, without much description
4. Foreshadowing: The outcome of a conflict is often hinted at or "foreshadowed" before the climax and resolution. These clues are usually very subtle; you don't realize they are foreshadowing clues until you've finished the story.
Conflict in Plot
Plot usually involves one or more conflicts, which are problems that need to be solved. The "movement" towards a solution is what drives the narrative forward, and is what occupies most of the protagonist's time. Here are the major types of conflict:
1. Man's struggle against nature
2. Man against man
3. Man against society
4. Man against himself (i.e. a portrayal of an inner struggle)
The first three types are said to be "external conflicts", while the last is "internal conflict".
Setting
Setting is defined as the physical location and the time of a story. In short stories, one or both of these elements are often not defined.
Mood or Atmosphere
The mood is the feeling the reader gets while reading the story. The author helps to create the mood by using carefully chosen descriptive or evocative words. It can be compared to the use of music in films. Examples of mood are: hostile, optimistic, threatening, ominous, bitter, defiant, etc..
Theme
The theme is a recurring social or psychological issue, like aging, violence, alienation or maturity. The author or poet weaves the theme into the plot, which is used as a vehicle to convey it. The title of the story or poem is often of significance in recognizing the theme.
Symbolism
In literature, a symbol is an object, event or a character that's used to represent an abstract idea; it is something which stands for something else. Symbols are clues to what's going on in the story and often stand for key parts of the theme. A symbol is related to metaphor and simile insofar as it's a type of figurative (indirect/dual) language. The key thing to remember is that readers aren't told that something is a symbol, unlike a metaphor (the flower ofmy love) or a simile (my love is like a flower). A symbol just sits there inside the story... readers are simply expected to understand its symbolic existence.
Point of View
Different points of view allow for different ways of understanding the characters' motives and events.
Characters and Irony
3. DRAMA
● Drama is a type of literature usually written to be performed.
● it concerns the written text, or script, for the performance
● Many of the most honored and influential works of literature around the world have been dramas.
Elements:
Focus
“The frame that directs attention to what is most significant and intensifies the dramatic meaning”.
There are 4 closely related areas of focus:
1. the focus of the scene
2. the focus of the audience
3. the focus of the character
4. the focus of the actor.
Tension
“The force that engages the performers and audience in the dramatic action”.
Space
“The personal and general space used by the actors. It focuses on the meaning of the size and shape of
distances between actor and actor, actor and objects (props and sets) and actor and audience.”
Mood
“The atmosphere created. Mood concentrates the dramatic action and moves the audience in emotionally appropriate directions.”
Contrast
“The use of difference to create dramatic meaning.”
Contrast is an effective means to emphasise, heighten or intensify. Contrasting colours stand out on the
stage. Contrasting sizes, shapes and sounds draw attention.
Symbol
“The use of objects, gestures or persons to represent meaning beyond the literal.”
Role
Taking on a role requires performers to accept the physicality, attitudes and beliefs of the characters they are playing.
Types of Nonfiction:
Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact that is presented in a format which tells a story.
Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the author’s outlook or point. A short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative.
A Biography is a written account of another person’s life.
An Autobiography gives the history of a person’s life, written or told by that person. Often written in Narrative form of their person’s life.
Speech is the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one’s thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture. Generally delivered in the form of an address or discourse.
Finally there is the general genre of Nonfiction. This is Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject. This genre of literature offers opinions or conjectures on facts and reality. This includes biographies, history, essays, speech, and narrative non fiction. Nonfiction opposes fiction and is distinguished from those fiction genres of literature like poetry and drama which is the next section we will discuss.
Genres of Fiction:
Drama is the genre of literature that’s subject for compositions is dramatic art in the way it is represented. This genre is stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action.
Poetry is verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that evokes an emotional response from the reader. The art of poetry is rhythmical in composition, written or spoken. This genre of literature is for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts.
Fantasy is the forming of mental images with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality.
Humor is the faculty of perceiving what is amusing or comical. Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement which meant to entertain. This genre of literature can actually be seen and contained within all genres.
A Fable is a story about supernatural or extraordinary people Usually in the form of narration that demonstrates a useful truth. In Fables, animals often speak as humans that are legendary and supernatural tales.
Fairy Tales or wonder tales are a kind of folktale or fable. Sometimes the stories are about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children.
Science Fiction is a story based on impact of potential science, either actual or imagined. Science fiction is one of the genres of literature that is set in the future or on other planets.
Short Story is fiction of such briefness that is not able to support any subplots.
Realistic Fiction is a story that can actually happen and is true to real life.
Folklore are songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a person of “folk” that was handed down by word of mouth. Folklore is a genre of literature that is widely held, but false and based on unsubstantiated beliefs.
Historical Fiction is a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.
Horror is an overwhelming and painful feeling caused by literature that is frightfully shocking, terrifying, or revolting. Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and the reader.
A Tall Tale is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with an here of nonchalance.
Legend is a story that sometimes of a national or folk hero. Legend is based on fact but also includes imaginative material.
Mystery is a genre of fiction that deals with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets. Anything that is kept secret or remains unexplained or unknown.
Mythology is a type of legend or traditional narrative. This is often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods. A body of myths, as that of a particular people or that relating to a particular person.
Fiction in Verse is full-length novels with plot, subplots, themes, with major and minor characters. Fiction of verse is one of the genres of literature in which the narrative is usually presented in blank verse form.
The genre of Fiction can be defined as narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact. In fiction something is feigned, invented, or imagined; a made-up story.
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1. POETRY
● Poetry, form of literature, spoken or written, that emphasizes rhythm, other intricate patterns of sound and imagery, and the many possible ways that words can suggest meaning.
● The word itself derives from a Greek word, poesis, meaning “making” or “creating.”
● poetry in its simplest definition is organized in units called lines as well as in sentences, and often in stanzas, which are the paragraphs of poetry
● The way a line of poetry is structured can be considered a kind of garment that shapes and clothes the thought within it.
● The oldest and most longstanding genres for classifying poetry are epic, a long narrative poem centered around a national hero, and lyric, a short poem expressing intense emotion.
Elements:
Stanza
•A unit of lines grouped together
•Similar to a paragraph in prose
Couplet
A stanza consisting of two lines that rhyme
Quatrain
A stanza consisting of four lines
Mood
The feeling a poem creates for the reader
Tone
The attitude a poet takes toward his/her subject
Imagery
•Representation of the five senses: sight, taste,touch, sound, and smell
•Creates mental images about a poem’s subject
Metaphor
An implied comparison between two objects or ideas
Personification
Giving human traits or characteristics to animals or inanimate objects
Simile
A direct comparison between two objects orideas that uses the words “like” or “as”
Symbol
A word or object thathas its own meaningand represents anotherword, object or idea
Alliteration
The repetition of aninitial (beginning)sound or consonant intwo or more wordsnext to each other in aline of a poem
Assonance
The repetition of avowel sound in two ormore words in the lineof a poem
Onomatopoeia
A word that imitates anoise or action
Refrain
The repetition of one or more phrases or line sat certain intervals,usually at the end of each stanza
Repetition
A word or phrase repeated within a line or stanza
Rhyme Scheme
The pattern in which end rhyme occurs
2. FICTION
● literary works of imagination: novels and stories that describe imaginary people and events
● The latin word fingere “to make, shape,” from which fiction is derived, is also the spurce of English effigy, feign, figment and figure.
Elements:
Plot
Events that form a significant pattern of action with a beginning, a middle and an end. They move from one place or event to another in order to form a pattern. The plot is also called a narrative.
Author's Role in Plot
1. Plot grows out of the characters.
2. The author is always in control of what happens; fiction manipulates events; it is created.
3. Central focus of the story has to be intriguing
Plot Techniques
1. Suspense: Frequently involves dilemma.
2. Flashback: The author waits until the story is moving and then flashes back to reveal biographical data or deep psychological reasons why a character acts as s/he does. It focuses more on why things happen, rather than on what happens.
3. Telescoping: It's a matter of economy. The author can't describe every motion of the character or event during the time the story covers. S/he has to choose the significant and merely suggest the others by saying they happened, without much description
4. Foreshadowing: The outcome of a conflict is often hinted at or "foreshadowed" before the climax and resolution. These clues are usually very subtle; you don't realize they are foreshadowing clues until you've finished the story.
Conflict in Plot
Plot usually involves one or more conflicts, which are problems that need to be solved. The "movement" towards a solution is what drives the narrative forward, and is what occupies most of the protagonist's time. Here are the major types of conflict:
1. Man's struggle against nature
2. Man against man
3. Man against society
4. Man against himself (i.e. a portrayal of an inner struggle)
The first three types are said to be "external conflicts", while the last is "internal conflict".
Setting
Setting is defined as the physical location and the time of a story. In short stories, one or both of these elements are often not defined.
Mood or Atmosphere
The mood is the feeling the reader gets while reading the story. The author helps to create the mood by using carefully chosen descriptive or evocative words. It can be compared to the use of music in films. Examples of mood are: hostile, optimistic, threatening, ominous, bitter, defiant, etc..
Theme
The theme is a recurring social or psychological issue, like aging, violence, alienation or maturity. The author or poet weaves the theme into the plot, which is used as a vehicle to convey it. The title of the story or poem is often of significance in recognizing the theme.
Symbolism
In literature, a symbol is an object, event or a character that's used to represent an abstract idea; it is something which stands for something else. Symbols are clues to what's going on in the story and often stand for key parts of the theme. A symbol is related to metaphor and simile insofar as it's a type of figurative (indirect/dual) language. The key thing to remember is that readers aren't told that something is a symbol, unlike a metaphor (the flower ofmy love) or a simile (my love is like a flower). A symbol just sits there inside the story... readers are simply expected to understand its symbolic existence.
Point of View
Different points of view allow for different ways of understanding the characters' motives and events.
Characters and Irony
3. DRAMA
● Drama is a type of literature usually written to be performed.
● it concerns the written text, or script, for the performance
● Many of the most honored and influential works of literature around the world have been dramas.
Elements:
Focus
“The frame that directs attention to what is most significant and intensifies the dramatic meaning”.
There are 4 closely related areas of focus:
1. the focus of the scene
2. the focus of the audience
3. the focus of the character
4. the focus of the actor.
Tension
“The force that engages the performers and audience in the dramatic action”.
Space
“The personal and general space used by the actors. It focuses on the meaning of the size and shape of
distances between actor and actor, actor and objects (props and sets) and actor and audience.”
Mood
“The atmosphere created. Mood concentrates the dramatic action and moves the audience in emotionally appropriate directions.”
Contrast
“The use of difference to create dramatic meaning.”
Contrast is an effective means to emphasise, heighten or intensify. Contrasting colours stand out on the
stage. Contrasting sizes, shapes and sounds draw attention.
Symbol
“The use of objects, gestures or persons to represent meaning beyond the literal.”
Role
Taking on a role requires performers to accept the physicality, attitudes and beliefs of the characters they are playing.
Types of Nonfiction:
Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact that is presented in a format which tells a story.
Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the author’s outlook or point. A short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative.
A Biography is a written account of another person’s life.
An Autobiography gives the history of a person’s life, written or told by that person. Often written in Narrative form of their person’s life.
Speech is the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one’s thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture. Generally delivered in the form of an address or discourse.
Finally there is the general genre of Nonfiction. This is Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject. This genre of literature offers opinions or conjectures on facts and reality. This includes biographies, history, essays, speech, and narrative non fiction. Nonfiction opposes fiction and is distinguished from those fiction genres of literature like poetry and drama which is the next section we will discuss.
Genres of Fiction:
Drama is the genre of literature that’s subject for compositions is dramatic art in the way it is represented. This genre is stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action.
Poetry is verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that evokes an emotional response from the reader. The art of poetry is rhythmical in composition, written or spoken. This genre of literature is for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts.
Fantasy is the forming of mental images with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality.
Humor is the faculty of perceiving what is amusing or comical. Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement which meant to entertain. This genre of literature can actually be seen and contained within all genres.
A Fable is a story about supernatural or extraordinary people Usually in the form of narration that demonstrates a useful truth. In Fables, animals often speak as humans that are legendary and supernatural tales.
Fairy Tales or wonder tales are a kind of folktale or fable. Sometimes the stories are about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children.
Science Fiction is a story based on impact of potential science, either actual or imagined. Science fiction is one of the genres of literature that is set in the future or on other planets.
Short Story is fiction of such briefness that is not able to support any subplots.
Realistic Fiction is a story that can actually happen and is true to real life.
Folklore are songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a person of “folk” that was handed down by word of mouth. Folklore is a genre of literature that is widely held, but false and based on unsubstantiated beliefs.
Historical Fiction is a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.
Horror is an overwhelming and painful feeling caused by literature that is frightfully shocking, terrifying, or revolting. Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and the reader.
A Tall Tale is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with an here of nonchalance.
Legend is a story that sometimes of a national or folk hero. Legend is based on fact but also includes imaginative material.
Mystery is a genre of fiction that deals with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets. Anything that is kept secret or remains unexplained or unknown.
Mythology is a type of legend or traditional narrative. This is often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods. A body of myths, as that of a particular people or that relating to a particular person.
Fiction in Verse is full-length novels with plot, subplots, themes, with major and minor characters. Fiction of verse is one of the genres of literature in which the narrative is usually presented in blank verse form.
The genre of Fiction can be defined as narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact. In fiction something is feigned, invented, or imagined; a made-up story.
If u like the post please followed the blog
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